Reconstruction of Pakistan Economy— An Entrepreneur’s View Point

Investment, production and export are sine quo non of a viable economy. Pakistan has, however, constantly suffered from its inability to achieve this viability— more recently arising out of the nuclear testing in May 1998, followed by the change of government in October 1999 and the 11th September 2001 disaster at the World Trade Centre in New York, which ultimately lead to the war in Afghanistan.

Cooperative International Direct Marketing: An Alternative for Asian-Pacific Countries to Increase Exports to Industrial Market Economies

Exporters from Asian-Pacific Countries can successfully establish marketing presence in Industrial Market Economies by directly marketing products in these country markets. Direct marketing potential in Industrial Marketing Economies can be determined by examining two critical factors: the direct marketing infrastructure and emerging environmental changes. Although the resource requirement for direct marketing is quite substantial, exporters, who combine their resources to engage in cooperative international direct marketing, will find it easier to establish marketing presence in Industrial Market Economics

Spin Fluctuations and the Pseudogap in Organic Superconductors

We show that there are strong similarities in the spin lattice relaxation of non-magnetic organic charge transfer salts, and that these similarities can be understood in terms of spin fluctuations. Further, we show that, in all of the kappa-phase organic superconductors for which there is nuclear magnetic resonance data, the energy scale for the spin fluctuations coincides with the energy scale for the pseudogap. This suggests that the pseudogap is caused by short-range spin correlations. In the weakly frustrated metals k-(BEDT-TTF)_2Cu[N(CN)_2]Br, k-(BEDT-TTF)_2Cu(NCS)_2, and k-(BEDT-TTF)_2Cu[N(CN)_2]Cl (under pressure) the pseudogap opens at the same temperature as coherence emerges in the (intralayer) transport. We argue that this is because the spin correlations are cut off by the loss of intralayer coherence at high temperatures. We discuss what might happen to these two energy scales at high pressures, where the electronic correlations are weaker. In these weakly frustrated materials the data is well described by the chemical pressure hypothesis (that anion substitution is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure). However, we find important differences in the metallic state of k-(BEDT-TTF)_2Cu_2(CN)_3, which is highly frustrated and displays a spin liquid insulating phase. We also show that the characteristic temperature scale of the spin fluctuations in (TMTSF)_2ClO_4 is the same as superconducting critical temperature, which may be evidence that spin fluctuations mediate the superconductivity in the Bechgaard salts.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures; to appear in PR

The Turkish Wage Curve: Evidence from the Household Labor Force Survey

This paper examines the Turkish wage curve using individual data from the Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS) including 26 NUTS-2 regions over the period 2005-2008. When the local unemployment rate is treated as predetermined, there is evidence in favor of the wage curve only for younger and female workers. However, if the lagged unemployment rate is used as an instrument for current unemployment rate, we find an unemployment elasticity of -0.099. We also find a higher elasticity for younger, less educated, low experienced workers than for older, more educated and more experienced workers. Another important finding is that the wages of females in Turkey are significantly more responsive to local unemployment rates than their male counterparts.wage curve, fixed effects, instrumental variables, two-stage least squares

Pemikiran Seni Karl Marx dalam Pandangan Mikhail Liftschitz (Menelusuri Kesejatian Seni Bagi Kehidupan Manusia)

Seni dan eksistensi manusia merupakan dua hal yang tidak terpisahkan, karena pada hakikatnya seni merupakan ekspresi jiwa yang paling indah dan cerminan tujuan hidup manusia. Selain itu seni juga bersifat religio magis yang diekspresikan dalam dunia seni sebagai simbol ketaatan. Oleh karena itu secara fungsional seni adalah cermin jiwa dan tujuan hidup manusia. Fakta sejarah menunjukkan bahwa seni mengemuka semenjak abad Yunani. Namun pada perkembangan berikutnya seni mengalami Perubahan dan pergeseran sejalan dengan perkembangan pemikiran dan ilmu pengetahuan manusia. Secara spesifik pada abad modern dan seterusnya, seni tidak lagi bersifat religio magis tetapi sudah menjadi alat dalam politik dan ekonomi, antara masyarakat borjuis dengan masyarakat proletar. Perubahan inilah yang membuat penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji pemikiran seni Karl Marx yang akan dilihat dengan sudut pandang Mikhail Liftschitz. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah pendekatan filsafat, karena pemikiran yang menjadi objek kajiannya adalah pemikiran filsafat

Emerging role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in the mechanism of action and resistance to anticancer therapies

Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor, is a master regulator of an array of genes related to oxidative and electrophilic stress that promote and maintain redox homeostasis. NRF2 function is well studied in in vitro, animal and general physiology models. However, emerging data has uncovered novel functionality of this transcription factor in human diseases such as cancer, autism, anxiety disorders and diabetes. A key finding in these emerging roles has been its constitutive upregulation in multiple cancers promoting pro-survival phenotypes. The survivability pathways in these studies were mostly explained by classical NRF2 activation involving KEAP-1 relief and transcriptional induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) neutralizing and cytoprotective drug-metabolizing enzymes (phase I, II, III and 0). Further, NRF2 status and activation is associated with lowered cancer therapeutic efficacy and the eventual emergence of therapeutic resistance. Interestingly, we and others have provided further evidence of direct NRF2 regulation of anticancer drug targets like receptor tyrosine kinases and DNA damage and repair proteins and kinases with implications for therapy outcome. This novel finding demonstrates a renewed role of NRF2 as a key modulatory factor informing anticancer therapeutic outcomes, which extends beyond its described classical role as a ROS regulator. This review will provide a knowledge base for these emerging roles of NRF2 in anticancer therapies involving feedback and feed forward models and will consolidate and present such findings in a systematic manner. This places NRF2 as a key determinant of action, effectiveness and resistance to anticancer therapy

Pengaruh Kondisi Organisasi terhadap Kejenuhan Kerja Pekerja Sosial yang Bekerja di Panti Sosial Penyandang Cacat di Indonesia

Kajian ini menganalisis kondisi organisasi mencakup pengaruh kekaburan peranan, bebankerja, kondisi pekerjaan terhadap kejenuhan kerja. Menggunakan metode survey eksplanatory.Penentuan responden menggunakan sensus. Sejumlah 219 pekerja sosial yang bekerja di pantisosial penyandang cacat menjadi responden dalam kajian ini. Satu set instrumen digunakan untukmengumpulkan data, selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS dan analisisjalur. Hasil kajian mendapati beban kerja berpengaruh terhadap kejenuhan kerja. Kajian initentunya dapat memberikan implikasi terhadap penyusunan kebijakan di Kementerian Sosial RIdan sebagai rujukan untuk penelitian lanjutan

Hubungan Pelayanan Petugas dan Tarif dengan Kepuasan Pasien Kelas III di Rumah Sakit Umum Mokopido Kabupaten Tolitoli

Pelayanan kesehatan merupakan salah satu aspek yang berperan dalam penciptaan derajat yang merata kepada seluruh masyarakat sesuai dengan tujuan penyelenggaraan pembangunan kesehatan yaitu terwujudnya masyarakat yang mandiri untuk penggapai pelayanan kesehatan dan berperilaku hidup sehat (Depkes RI, 2003). Sumber Daya Manusia yang sehat dan berkualitas memerlukan modala utama atau investasi dalam pembangunan kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian : untuk mengetahui hubungan pelayanan petugas dan tarif dengan kepuasan pasien Kelas III di Rumah Sakit Umum Mokopido Kabupaten Tolitoli. Metode penelitian : survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross-Sectional yang digunakan untuk mengukur variabel Independent dan Dependent secara bersamaan untuk mengetahui hubungan pelayanan petugas dan tarif dengan kepuasan pasien Kelas III Kabupataen Tolitoli. Sampel : dilakukan dengan cara Accidental Sampling dengan jumlah sampel 91 responden. Hasil penelitian : menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan pelayanan petugas administrasi antara kepuasan pasien dengan nilai P = 0,000 (P < 0,5) ada hubungan yang signifikan pelayanan perawat antara kepuasan pasien dengan nilai P = 0,000 (P < 0,5) tidak ada hubungan pelayanan dokter antara kepuasan pasien dengan nilai P = 0,087 (P < 0,05) ada hubungan yang signifikan pelayanan petugas apotek antara kepuasan pasien dengan nilai P = 0,000 (P < 0,5) tidak ada hubungan tarif antara kepuasan pasien dengan nilai P = 0,028 (P < 0,5). Saran : kepada instansi khususnya bagi petugas Apotek Rumah Sakit Umum Mokopido Kabupaten Tolitoli dapat lebih meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan di Apotek sehingga dapat meningkatkan kepuasan pasien